HISTORY OF HAZRAT USMAN GHANI
Uthman (Arabic: عثمان ابن عفان ابن أبي العاص, romanized: ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān ibn Abī al-'Ās; c. 576 or579 – June 656), additionally spelled Osman, was the third Rashidun ruler, ruling from November 644 till his assassination. He dominated for twelve years, the longest of all Rashidun caliphs, and through his reign, the Rashidun Caliphate reached its greatest extent. he's well-known for having ordered the compilation of the primary commonplace version of the Koran.
Belonging to the Quraysh's aristocratical Ommiad kin, Uthman was an Associate in Nursing affluent merchandiser of Taif. Following his conversion to Islam in 611, he became a distinguished companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In 615, Uthman married Muhammad's girl Ruqayya and following her death, to a different of Muhammad's daughters Umm Kulthum. His wives having been daughters of Muhammad earned him the honorific title Dhū al-Nurayn ('Possessor of the 2 Lights).[1] tho' Uthman did not participate in the early Muslim battles, he extensively contributed his wealth in support of the Muslims. once Muhammad's death in 632, Uthman served as a detailed aide to the primary and second caliphs Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) and Umar (r. 634–644) severally. On his deathbed, Umar fashioned a six-member committee, as well as Uthman, to decide on the consequent ruler amongst themselves that eventually nonappointive Uthman.
Uthman continued his predecessor's policies of centralization and growth, however notably initiated a comparatively new tax program, and additionally appointed his Ommiad relation to distinguished roles. beneath Uthman, the caliphate over its conquest of Persia, and additionally continuing palmy expansions into Byzantine territories. He was the primary ruler to institute the Associate in Nursing integrated Muslim navy. tho' Uthman was extremely palmy in increasing the caliphate, his nepotistic policies received him vehement opposition from varied Muslims. In June 656, a gaggle of Egyptian rebels enclosed Uthman's house and died the ruler. The ruler was buried at an area of Jewish burying ground, that was later extended to al-Baqi. His assassination marked the beginning of the primary Muslim warfare, as Uthman's in-law Ali (r. 656–661) was nonappointive the fourth ruler.
Uthman is viewed by historians to be one of the foremost palmy caliphs. From an Associate in Nursing philosophical system perspective, he's considered experienced in conflict management, as is clear from how he addressed the heated and troubled early Muslim conquered territories. In Sunni Islam, Uthman is taken into account as a devout and pious ruler and additionally viewed because the third most righteous companion of Muhammad.
Origins and formative years
Uthman's year of birth is unsure with 576 and 579 cited by the first Islamic sources.[2] His father Affan ibn Abi al-As was a distinguished Meccan merchandiser of the Ommiad kin. He was a detailed business associate of Awf ibn Abd Awf, and additionally reportedly witnessed the tragic death of the latter at the hands of a member of the Banu Jadhima.[3] Uthman's mother Arwa bint Kurayz was a relation of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[4]
In his formative years, Uthman learned the way to write and is listed united of the twenty-two Meccans "at the dawn of Islam" United Nations agency knew the way to write.[5] He became an affluent merchandiser like his father.[6] His business flourished, creating him one of the richest men among the Quraysh.[7][page needed]
Companionship of Muhammad
On coming back from a business trip to Asian nation in 611, he learned about Islam and had a discussion with Abu Bakr. Uthman determined to convert to Islam, and Abu Bakr brought him to Muhammad to declare his religion.[8] Uthman, therefore, became one of the earliest converts to Islam, and his conversion angry his kin Banu Umayya, that powerfully opposed Muhammad's teachings.[9]
Migration to Yaltopya
In 613, Uthman, beside his mate Ruqayya, migrated to Yaltopya, being amongst the primary migrants.[9] In Yaltopya, the couple bore a son Abd Supreme Being, United Nations agency was the primary grandchild of Muhammad. variant Muslims joined them later.[10][11]: 235–236 As Uthman already had some business contacts in Yaltopya, he continued to follow his profession as a dealer and he continued to flourish.[12]
After four years, the news unfold among the Muslims in Yaltopya that the Quraysh of Mecca had accepted Islam, and this acceptance persuaded Uthman, Ruqayya, and alternative Muslims to come back. However, once they reached Mecca, they found that the news regarding the Quraysh's acceptance of Islam was false. however, Uthman and Ruqayya re-settled in Mecca.[10]: 167–169 [11]: 238 once a brief amount in Mecca, the couple migrated to Medina.[8]
Migration to Medina
In 622, Uthman and his better half, Ruqayya, were among the third cluster of Muslims to migrate to Medina. In March 624, as Ruqayya was indisposed, Uthman took care of her and could not participate in the Battle of Badr.[8] Ruqayya did not live through sickness and died within the same month. when Muhammad saw Uthman's sorrow, he gave his girl Umm Kulthum to Uthman for the wedding. Uthman was married to Umm Kulthum in August 625.[13]
When Ali married Mohammedan, Uthman bought Ali's protection for 5 hundred dirhams. Four hundred was put aside as mahr (dower) for Fatimah's wedding, effort 100 for all different expenses. Later, Uthman conferred the armor back to Ali as a marriage gift.[14][15]
Battles
Though Uthman didn't participate in any major military campaigns and battles, he provided backing for the Muslim community.[16][17] throughout the Battle of Badr, Muhammad ordered him to not participate in the battle. The Prophet would gest at Uthman's lack of military superior skill ANd whenever he had an excuse to require Uthman out of a battle he would send him off to a different task[18]. Uthman had the name of affirmative relations. a technique he displayed was his habit of cacophonous war prizes among his relatives to the exclusion of the combatants.[19][20]
Muhammad's last years
Uthman was conjointly chosen because of the treater for the Meccans within the written agreement of Hudaybiyya.[21] when Muhammad's died, Uthman didn't play any major political or military role within the caliphates of Abu Bakr and Umar, apart from acting as a detailed consultant.[22]
